![]() ![]() The current treatments cannot completely repair the damaged periodontal bone owing to the sole focus on osteogenesis. Unfortunately, the existing therapies for periodontitis, including initial periodontal therapy, flap surgery, and guided bone regeneration, can only control disease progression while has limited capacity for bone repair. And periodontal bone destruction caused by periodontitis is regarded as one of the major reasons for tooth loss, which has adverse effects on mastication and aesthetics. Periodontitis is a worldwide epidemic inflammatory disease that results in the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues, including connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. This multifunctional scaffold holds considerable promise for periodontal regenerative medicine and offers guidance on designing functional biomaterials. Our results suggested that the iTE-scaffold exerted admirable effects on periodontal bone repair by modulating osteoimmune environment and angiogenic activity. After being implanted into the periodontal bone defect model, the iTE-scaffold presented an anti-inflammatory response, provided adequate blood supply, and eventually facilitated satisfactory periodontal bone regeneration. The immunomodulatory effect of macrophages could further promote osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro. The in situ tissue engineering scaffold (iTE-scaffold) effectively promoted the angiogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and induced macrophage polarization into pro-healing M2 phenotype to modulate inflammation. Herein, we fabricated a core/shell fibrous scaffold releasing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in a sequential manner and investigated its immunomodulatory and angiogenic properties during periodontal bone defect restoration. Among various regenerative therapies, the up-to-date strategy of in situ tissue engineering stands out, which combined scaffold with specific growth factors that could mimic endogenous regenerative processes. ![]() However, the immune response and vascularity in defect areas may be key factors that are overlooked when assessing the bone regeneration outcomes of biomaterials. To date, numerous biomaterials have been applied in this field. The regeneration of periodontal bone defect remains a vital clinical challenge. ![]()
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